| Resumo: | Introduction: Breast Implant-Associated Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma (BIA-ALCL) is a new entity with increasing importance within the scientific community. This literature's review primary aim is to clarify and expose the most up-to-date epidemiological data, knowledge regarding the pathogenesis, histology and immunology of BIA-ALCL, and also diagnosis and treatment latest recommendations. Material and Methods: A literature review was conducted through Medline (PubMed) using the keywords 'BIA-ALCL' and 'breast implant associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma'. The selected articles were published between 2014 and 2019. Results: BIA-ALCL, a non-Hodgkin T-cell lymphoma, most often presents as a late onset periprosthetic effusion, in average 7 to 10 years after implantation. Diagnosis requires aspiration of the effusion and its cytologic analysis. Neoplastic cells are consistently positive for CD30 and negative for anaplastic lymphoma kinase. The treatment of choice consists of implant removal and total capsulectomy. Discussion: Although diagnosis and treatment recommendations already exist, some controversy remains regarding the therapeutic approach. Given the fact that BIA-ALCL is a novel entity, it is crucial that further investigation is made. Conclusion: Raising consciousness about BIA-ALCL within the scientific community and healthcare professionals is of extreme importance, as it allows professionals to be aware of this diagnosis. Given the fact that BIA-ALCL is a recent entity, the existence of databases for the registry of cases is crucial as they allow long-term follow-up of BIA-ALCL patients.
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